ATONEMENT IN KATHERINE ANNE PORTER’S “HE”
Source for photograph:here
"He" is a short story by Katherine Anne Porter, originally published in New Masses in 1927 and then reprinted in Porter’s collection Flowering Judas and Other Stories in 1930. The story is about a poor American family. The mother, Mrs. Whipple, loves her second son best of all: a boy who is identified only as ‘He’.” (Source: Dr Oliver Tearle, Loughborough University)
Guilt, redemption, and the “search for meaning” as well as individuality in an intensely materialistic world, as Dr Tearle puts it, constitute the axis around which the narrative revolves. Similarly to all Porter’s stories, the selection of names is paramount: "Whipple" is an intestine disease caused by a bacteria (a very interesting connection brought forward by Begoña Rodríguez) all the more meaningful in the context of the story as the Whipples are blighted, not only due to their hypocritical maneuvering but also to the “sins of the fathers.”
The Whipples find it hard to make ends meet and “feed all the hungry mouths,” yet, Mrs. Whipple is rather more intent on preserving the “veneer of appearances” in front of the community and showing that she cares for her “simple-minded” son. Despite her apparent love and tribulations for him, she occasionally subjects him to dangerous and uncomely trials. Thus, her attitude towards him as well as her description of the boy are not precisely celebratory: “Rolls of fat covered Him like an overcoat, and He could carry twice as much wood and water as Adna.”
She forces him to perform "cruel" and dangerous tasks: He takes the suckling pig from its mother so Mrs. Whipple can slit its throat. He is equally in charge of fetching the bull that may dangerously and unexpectedly attack him. Mrs Whipple does not hesitate to take a blanket off him as she considers he cannot feel cold as his other two sisters do. A lavish repast will be offered to honour her brother so the look of prosperity might be kept. Yet “He” will be hidden, he wouldn’t come into the dining room, timidity alleged. “He” isn’t to be slighted...
Mrs. Whipple’s contradictory behaviours show that she is perhaps at a paradoxical crux pinpointed by “you know yourself it’s more natural for a mother to be that way. People don’t expect so much of fathers, some way,” being the keyword “expect.” Mrs. Whipple feels guilty and obliged to be utterly devoted to her son and pine for him either by societal pressure or to find atonement for what is called the “sin of the fathers” who might refer to some family “inbreeding” (as accurately highlighted by Paula Diz and Belén Tizón): “Blood and bad doings somewhere”.
The story’s religious undertones are unmistakable and as Dr Tearle points: The capitalized “HE” is likely to put us in mind …“Jesus Christ, since God and Jesus are often referred to as He or Him. And Porter’s ‘He,’ like Jesus, is poorly understood by those around Him and doomed to a life of suffering (including, we surmise, an early death).“A pious attitude of devotion in the face of opposition and even ridicule from others (such as theirneighbours and even, to an extent, Mr. Whipple).” Contrariwise to this extolling:
“the fact that the boy is referred to by His mother simply as ‘He’ denies him an identity and an individuality. Or, to be more specific, it both strips Him of individuality and makes Him stand out (in the worst possible way) as an individual because He is being treated differently. If one of Porter’s great themes is the struggle for identity in the modern world, He has a tougher struggle than most.” (Dr Olive Tearle)
We are never granted access to the boy's emotions. Unlike in Faulkner’s “The Sound and the Fury” (enthralling comparison brought about by Mónica Rodriguez) where Faulkner gives us access to Benjamin’s convoluted thoughts through the narrative technique of stream of consciousness, in Porter’s story, we hardly have access to the boy’s thoughts and feelings.
Yet,towards the end of the story, tears roll down his cheeks when He is to be sent to the County House as a result of a fall and constant seizures: he is sneaked in a carryall so the neighbours will not tell. Mrs Whipple intones “You don’t feel so bad, do you?” at the same time that a sense of relief overpowers her thinking that she might now have time for the girls.